LL.B. Syllabus

Definition and essentials of a valid Contract - Definition and essentials of a valid Offer - Definition and essentials of valid Acceptance - Communication of Offer and Acceptance - Revocation of Offer and Acceptance through various modes including electronic medium – Govt. Contracts etc - Consideration - salient features - Exception to consideration - Doctrine of Privity of Contract - Exceptions to the privity of contract - Standard form of Contract.

Capacity of the parties - Effect of Minor's Agreement - Contracts with insane persons and persons disqualified by law - Concepts of Free Consent - Coercion - Undue influence - Misrepresentation - Fraud - Mistake - Lawful Object - Immoral agreements and various heads of public policy - illegal agreements – Uncertain agreements - Wagering agreements - Contingent contracts - Void and Voidable contracts.

Discharge of Contracts - By performance - Appropriation of payments – Performance by joint promisors- Discharge by Novation- Remission- Accord and Satisfaction-Discharge by impossibility of performance (Doctrine of Frustration)-Discharge by Breach -Anticipatory Breach - Actual breach.

Quasi Contract - Necessaries supplied to a person who is incapable of entering into a contract - Payment by an interested person - Liability to pay for non-gratuitous acts - Rights of finder of lost goods – Things delivered by mistake or coercion - Quantum merit - Remedies for breach of contract - Kinds of damages – liquidated and unliquidated damages and penalty - Duty to mitigate.

Specific Relief Act including 2018 Amendment- Recovering possession of property - Specific performance of the contract – As a rule enforced by court Rectification of instruments - Rescission of contracts as a rule enforced by court-Cancellation of instruments-Declaratory Decrees- Preventive Relief-Injunctions-Generally-Temporary and Perpetual injunctions- Mandatory&Prohibitory injunctions-–Injunctions to perform negative agreement- Special provision for contracts relating to infrastructure projects – Arbitration clause – Mediation Agreement – Construction contracts - specific performance of contracts and force majeure

Sources of Hindu Law – Scope and application of Hindu Law – Schools of Hindu Law - Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools – Concept of Joint Family, Coparcenary, Joint Family Property and Coparcenary Property – Institution of Karta- Powers and Functions of Karta - Pious Obligation - Partition – Debts and alienation of property.

Marriage - Definition - Importance of institution of marriage under Hindu Law – Conditions of Hindu Marriage – Ceremonies and Registration – Monogamy – Polygamy-Recent Trends in the institution of marriage.

Matrimonial Remedies under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - Restitution of Conjugal Rights – Nullity of marriage – Judicial separation – Divorce – Maintenance pendente lite – importance of conciliation- Role of Family Courts in Resolution of matrimonial disputes.

Concept of Adoption – Historical perspectives of adoption in India – In country and inter- country adoptions - Law of Maintenance - Law of Guardianship – The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 – The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956.

Succession – Intestate succession – Succession to the property of Hindu Male and Female; Dwelling House – The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by the Hindu Succession (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 1986 & the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 – Notional Partition – Classes of heirs– Enlargement of limited estate of women into their absolute estate – Daughter’s right to inherit ancestral property and impact of recent changes in law.

Constitution-Meaning and Significance - Evolution of Modern Constitutions – Constitutionalism and Constitutional Morality- Classification of Constitutions- Indian Constitution - Historical Perspectives - Government of India Act, 1919-Government of India Act 1935, Framing of Indian Constitution - Role of Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

Nature and Salient Features of Indian Constitution - Preamble to Indian Constitution - Union and its Territories-Citizenship - General Principles relating to Fundamental Rights(Art.13) - Definition of State – Doctrine of Judicial Review

Right to Equality (Art.14-18) –Freedoms and Restrictions under Art.19 -Protection against Ex-post facto law - Guarantee against Double Jeopardy - Privilege against Self-incrimination - Right to Life and Personal Liberty - Right to Education – Protection against Arrest and Preventive Detention

Rights against Exploitation - Right to Freedom of Religion - Cultural and Educational Rights - Right to Constitutional Remedies - Limitations on Fundamental Rights (Art.31-A,31-B, 31 C, 335, 358 & 359).

Directive Principles of State Policy – Significance – Nature – Classification - Application and Judicial Interpretation - Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - Fundamental Duties – Significance - Judicial Interpretation

Nature of Law of Torts - Definition of Tort - Elements of Tort - Development of Law of Torts in England and India - Wrongful Act and Legal Damage - Damnum Sine Injuria and Injuria Sine Damno- Tort distinguished from Crime and Breach of Contract - General Principles of Liability in Torts - Fault - Wrongful intent - Malice - Negligence - Liability without fault - Statutory liability - Parties to proceedings.

General Defences to an action in Torts– Vicarious Liability- Liability of the State for Torts – Defense of Sovereign Immunity – Joint Liability – Liability of Joint Tortfeasors – Rule of Strict Liability (Rylands v. Fletcher) – Rule of Absolute Liability (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India) – Occupiers liability – Extinction of liability – Waiver and Acquiescence – Release – Accord and Satisfaction - Death.

Specific Torts - Torts affecting the person - Assault - Battery – False Imprisonment – Malicious Prosecution - Nervous Shock – Digital Torts- Torts affecting Immovable Property - Trespass to land - Nuisance - Public Nuisance and Private Nuisance

Torts relating to movable property – Liability arising out of accidents -Relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act -Defamation - Negligence - Torts against Business Relations - Injurious falsehood - Negligent Misstatement - Passing off - Conspiracy - Torts affecting family relations

Consumer Laws:Common Law and the Consumer-Duty to take care and liability for negligence - Consumerism-Salient features of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 - Consumer Protection Act,2019 - Definition of Consumer - Rights of Consumers -Defects in goods and deficiency in services – Restrictive and Unfair Trade Practices- Redressal Machinery under the Consumer Protection Act – Consumer Protection Councils- Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): establishment, composition and powers - Liability of the Service Providers, Manufacturers and Traders under the Act- Product Liability –Remedies – Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions: Jurisdiction and Powers- Procedure for filing a consumer dispute– E-filing – Continuous cause of action - Civil & Criminal liability – ADR & consumer - Penalties for misleading advertisement.- Mediation: Empanelment of Mediators, appointment, duties and settlement of disputes

The meaning and definition of environment – Ecology - Ecosystems-Biosphere - Biomes – Ozone depletion - Global Warming - Climatic changes - Climate Justice- Need for the preservation, conservation and protection of environment - Ancient Indian approach to environment- Environmental degradation and pollution-Kinds, causes and effects of pollution- Bio ethics.

Common Law remedies against pollution - trespass, negligence, and theories of Strict Liability & Absolute Liability - Relevant provisions of BNS and BNSS, for the abatement of public nuisance in pollution cases - Remedies under Specific Relief Act - Reliefs against smoke and noise - Noise Pollution. Impact of AI on Environment – Impact of War and Armed Conflicts on Environment

The law relating to the preservation, conservation and protection of forests, wild life and endangered species, marine life, coastal ecosystems and lakes etc. - Prevention of cruelty towards animals - The law relating to prevention and control of water pollution - Air Pollution - Law relating to environment protection – Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Regulations etc, - Environment pollution control mechanism - National Environmental Tribunal and National Environmental Appellate Authority- National Green Tribunal-Their powers and jurisdiction

Art. 48A and Art. 51A(g) of the Constitution of India - Right to wholesome environment- Right to development – restriction on freedom of trade, profession, occupation for the protection of environment – immunity of Environment legislation from judicial scrutiny (Art.31C) – Legislative powers of the Centre and State Government – Writ Jurisdiction - Role of Indian Judiciary in the evolution of environmental jurisprudence – Role of green belt development purpose and advantage.

International Environmental Regime-Transboundary Pollution- State Liability-Customary International Law-Liability of Multinational corporations/Companies Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, 1972 - The role of UNEP for the protection of environment - Ramsar Convention 1971 – Bonn Convention (Migratory Species) 1979-Nairobi Declaration, 1982 –Biodiversity Convention (Earth Summit), 1992-Kyoto Protocol 1997,Johannesburg Declaration 2002- UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) - UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) & Paris Agreement 2016 – SDGs.

Indemnity and Guarantee-Contract of Indemnity, definition-Rights of Indemnity holder - Liability of the indemnified - Contract of Guarantee-Definition of Guarantee - Essential characteristics of Contract of Guarantee – Distinction between Indemnity and Guarantee - Kinds of Guarantee - Rights and liabilities of Surety - Discharge of surety. Contract of Bailment - Definition of bailment -Essential requisites of bailment - Kinds of bailment - Rights and duties of bailor and bailee - Termination of bailment - Pledge - Definition of pledge – Rights and duties of Pawnor and Pawnee-Pledge by non-owner.

Contract of Agency-Definition of Agent-Creation of Agency-Rights and duties of Agent – Delegation of authority - Personal liability of agent - Relations of principal and agent with third parties-Termination of Agency.

Contract of Sale of Goods - Formation of contract - Subject matter of sale -Conditions and Warranties - Express and implied conditions and warranties -Pricing-Caveat Emptor–Hire Purchaser Agreements.

Property - Possession and Rules relating to passing of property - Sale by non-owner – Nemo dat quod non habet- Delivery of goods - Rights and duties of seller and buyer -Before and after sale-Rights of unpaid seller-Remedies for breach.

Contract of Partnership - Definition and nature of partnership - Formation of partnership- Test of partnership - Partnership and other associations – Registration of firm - Effect of non- registration - Relations of partners - Rights and duties of partners - Property of firm - Relation of partners to third parties-Implied authority of partners - Kinds of partners - Minor as partner - Reconstitution of firm-Dissolution of firm–Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

Origin and development of Muslim Law - Sources of Muslim Law -Schools of Muslim Law - Difference between the Sunni and Shia Schools – Sub-schools of Sunni Law - Operation and application of Muslim Law - Conversion to Islam - Effects of conversion - Law of Marriage, nature of Muslim Marriage -Essential requirements of valid Marriage-Kinds of Marriages- distinction between void, irregular and valid marriage - Dower (Mahr) - Origin, nature and importance of dower, object of dower and classification of dower – The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Marriage ) Act,2019.

Divorce - Classification of divorce - different modes of Talaq – Legal consequences of divorce - Validity of Triple Talaq: Judicial Interpretation and Legislative Response in India - Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 - Amendment to the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939.Maintenance: Principles of maintenance & persons entitled to maintenance - The Muslim Women(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 - Effect of conversion on maintenance and difference between Shia and Sunni Law.

Parentage-Maternity and Paternity-Legitimacy and acknowledgment -Guardianship- Meaning-Kinds of guardianship-Removal of guardian-Difference between Shia and Sunni Law. Gift - Definition of Gift - Requisites of valid gift - Gift formalities - Revocation of gift - Kinds of gift. Wills: Meaning, Requisites of valid Will, Revocation of Will - Distinction between Will and Gift- Difference between Shia and Sunni Law.

Waqf - Definition - Essentials of Waqf - Kinds of Waqf – Creation ofWaqf-- Revocation of Waqf-Salient features of the Waqf Act,1995–Recent Changes in Wakf Laws and impact-Mutawalli - Who can be Mutawalli - Powers and duties of Mutawalli - Removal of Mutawalli and Management of Waqf property. Succession - Application of the property of a deceased Muslim-Legal position of heirs as representatives-Administration -Waqf Tribunals and Jurisdiction.

Special Marriage Act, 1954 - -Salient features of Indian Divorce Act -Domicile - Maintenance to dependents/ Spouses - Intestate succession of Christians under the Indian Succession Act,1925.- Adoptions under JJ Act.

Legislature under Indian Constitution-Union and State Legislatures-Composition, Powers, Functions and Privileges - Anti-Defection Law – Executive under Indian Constitution - President and Union Council of Ministers - Governor and State Council of Ministers - Powers and position of President and Governor

Judiciary under Constitution -Supreme Court-Appointment of Judges, Powers and Jurisdiction – High Courts - Appointment and Transfer of Judges - Powers and Jurisdiction- Subordinate Judiciary-Independence of judiciary-Judicial Accountability

Centre State Relations – Cooperative and Competitive Federalism - Legislative, Administrative and Financial Relations - Cooperation and Coordination between the Centre and States – Federalism and its New Challenges Judicial Interpretation of Centre-State Relations – Local Self Government under 73rd and 74th Amendments, 1992.

Liability of State in Torts and Contracts-Freedom of Interstate Trade, Commerce and Intercourse-Services under the State-All India Services-Public Service Commissions– Election Commissions.

Emergency–Need of Emergency Powers-Different kinds of Emergency-National, State and Financial emergency - Impact of Emergency on Federalism and Fundamental Rights- Amendment of Indian Constitution and Basic Structure Theory

Concept of crime - Meaning of Crime - Distinction between Crime and Tort - Stages of Crime - Intention, Preparation, Attempt and Commission of Crime - Elements of Crime - Actus Reus and Mens Rea- Codification of Law of Crimes in India – IPC, 1860 - Application of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Section 1-3 of BNS)- Territorial and Extra-Territorial Application (Section 1 of BNS)– Definition (Section 2 of BNS) - Punishments (Section 4 -13 of BNS)

General Explanations – General Exceptions under BNS 2023- Abetment - Criminal Conspiracy -Attempt – Offences against Women and Child- (Section 63-87 of BNS)-Sexual Offences -Assault and Criminal Force against Women-Offences relating to Marriage- Kidnapping and Abduction-Causing Miscarriage– Offences against Child-(Section 88-99 of BNS)

Offences affecting Human Life (Section 100-113 of BNS)-Culpable Homicide and Murder - Causing Death by Negligence- Organised Crime-Petty Organised Crime-Terrorist Act- Offences affecting Human Body (Section 114-144 of BNS)-Hurt and Grievous Hurt - Wrongful restraint and Wrongful confinement - Criminal Force and Assault- Kidnapping and Abduction.

Offences against the State- Offences Relating to Army, Navy and Air Force-Offences relating to Election- Offences Relating to Coin, Currency-Notes, Bank-Notes, and Government Stamps-Offences against Public Tranquillity- Offences by or relating to Public Servants – Contempt of Lawful Authorities of Public Servants-False Evidence and Offences against Public Justice-Offences affecting the Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency and Morals.

Offences relating to Religion- Offences against Property - Theft - Extortion - Robbery & Dacoity - Cheating - Mischief - Criminal Trespass – Criminal Misappropriation of Property and Criminal Breach of Trust-Receiving Stolen Property - Offences relating to Documents and Property Marks – Criminal Intimidation, Insult, Annoyance, Defamation

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 — Salient Features of the Act – Meaning and Kinds of Evidence - importance of forensic evidence in the trial of cases Interpretation Clause — Documents, May Presume, Shall Presume and Conclusive Proof - Fact, Fact in Issue and Relevant Facts, Proved, Disproved-Distinction Between Relevancy and Admissibility - Doctrine of Res Gestae— Motive, Preparation and Conduct — Conspiracy When Facts Not Otherwise Relevant Become Relevant — Right and Custom — Facts Showing the State of Mind Etc.

Admissions & Confessions: General Principles concerning Admissions —Differences between "Admission" and "Confession" — Confessions obtained by inducement, threat or promise – Confessions made to police officer - Statement made in the custody of a police officer leading to the discovery of incriminating material — Admissibility of Confessions made by one accused person against co-accused. Dying Declarations and their evidentiary value — Other Statements by persons who cannot be called as Witnesses — Admissibility of evidence of witnesses in previous judicial proceedings in subsequent judicial proceedings.

Relevancy of Judgments — Opinion of witnesses — Expert's opinion- The Role of Technology in the appreciation of evidence-Opinion on Relationship especially proof of marriage — Facts which need not be proved - Oral and Documentary Evidence – General Principles concerning oral evidence and documentary evidence — Primary, electronic or digital record, special provision as to evidence relating to electronic record, admissibility of electronic records and Secondary evidence — Modes of proof of execution of documents — Presumptions as to documents — General Principles regarding Exclusion of Oral by Documentary Evidence – Relevance of social media in the law of evidence.

Rules relating to Burden of Proof - Presumption as to Dowry Death — Estoppels -Kinds of estoppels — Res Judicata, Waiver and Presumption.

Competency to testify — Privileged communications - Testimony of Accomplice - Examination in Chief, Cross examination and Re-examination — Leading questions — Lawful questions in cross examination —Compulsion to answer questions put to witness — Hostile witness — Impeaching the credit of witness —Refreshing memory — Questions of corroboration — Improper admission and rejection of evidence.

Meaning and Definition of Jurisprudence—General and Particular Jurisprudence - Elements of Ancient Indian Jurisprudence— Schools of Jurisprudence—Analytical, Historical, Philosophical and Sociological Schools of Jurisprudence. Theories of Law — Meaning and Definition of Law — The Nature and Function of Law — The Purpose of Law — The Classification of Law — Equity, Law and Justice—Theory of Sovereignty.

Sources of Law — Legal and Historical Sources — Legislation - Definition of legislation – Classification of legislation- Supreme and Subordinate Legislation –Direct and Indirect Legislation-Principles of Statutory Interpretation. Precedent — Definition of Precedent — Kinds of Precedent — Stare Decisis— Original and Declaratory Precedents — Authoritative and Persuasive Precedents. Custom –Definition of Custom – Kinds of Custom – General and Local Custom – Custom and Prescription - Requisites of a valid custom - Relative merits and demerits of Legislation, Precedent and Custom as a source of Law. Codification: Concept, Advantages and disadvantages of codification.

Persons—Nature of personality— Legal Status of Lower Animals, Dead Persons and Unborn persons—Legal Persons—Corporations—Purpose of Incorporation—Nature of Corporate personality Rights and Duties—Definition of Right — Classification of Rights and Duties — Absolute and Relative Rights and Duties—Rights and Cognate concepts like Liberty, Power, Immunity, Privilege etc.

Obligation—Nature of Obligation —Obligation arising out of Contract, Quasi Contract, trust and breach of obligation etc.—Liability—Nature and kinds of liability—Acts—Mens Rea— Intention and Motive—Relevance of Motive—Negligence — Strict Liability — Accident — Vicarious Liability — measure of Civil and Criminal Liability.

Ownership — Definition and kinds of Ownership - Possession — Elements of Possession– Relation between Ownership and Possession—Possessory Remedies—Property—Meaning— Kinds of Property—Modes of Acquisition of Property—Legal Sanctions-Meaning of Sanction— Classification of Sanctions—Civil and Criminal Justice—Concept of Justice—Theories regarding purpose of Criminal Justice — Deterrent, Preventive, Reformative and Retributive theories.

Meaning and concept of property—Kinds of property – Digital Assets - —Transfer of property – Transferable and non-transferable property—Who can transfer—Operation of transfer—Mode of transfer—Conditional transfer—Void and unlawful conditions—Condition precedent and condition subsequent—Vested and contingent interest—Transfer to unborn persons

Doctrine of Election — Covenants — Transfer by ostensible owner — Doctrine of Feeding the Grant by Estoppels — Doctrine of Lis pendens— Fraudulent Transfers—Doctrine of Part- performance.

Sale: Essential features, Mode of Sale, Rights and liabilities of parties. -Mortgage: Kinds of Mortgages-Rights and liabilities of mortgagor and mortgagee Marshalling and Contribution—Charges.

Lease — Essential features — Kinds of leases — Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee — Termination of lease — forfeiture — Exchange — Gifts — Different types of gifts— Registration of Gifts—Transfer of Actionable Claims.

Easements: Definition of easement, Distinction between Lease and License – Dominant and Servient Tenements. –Acquisition of property through testamentary succession—Will— Codicil—Capacity to execute Will—Nature of bequests—Executors of Will—Rights and Obligations of Legatees.

Nature and scope of Administrative Law — Meaning, Definition and Evolution of Administrative Law—Reasons for the growth of Administrative Law—Relationship between Administrative Law and Constitutional Law.

Basic concepts of Administrative Law — Rule of Law —Interpretation of Dicey's Principle of Rule of Law — Modern trends - Theory of Separation of Powers—Position in India, UK and USA

Classification of Administrative functions: Legislative, Quasi-judicial, Administrative and Ministerial functions—Delegated Legislation: Meaning, Reasons for the growth and Classification of delegated legislation— Judicial, Legislative, and Procedural Control of Delegated legislation.

Judicial Control of Administrative Action-Grounds of Judicial Control—Principles of Natural Justice—Administrative discretion and its control-Wednesbury Principle (Doctrine of Proportionality)–Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation.

Remedies available against the State — Writs— Lokpal and Lokayukta— Right to Information- Liability of the State in Torts and Contracts — Rule of Promissory Estoppels— Administrative Tribunals-Commissions of Inquiry—Public Corporations.

Corporate Personality - General Principles of Company Law - Nature and Definition of Company-Private Company and Public Company-One Person Company- Characteristics of a Company-Different kinds of Company-Registration & Incorporation of Company - Lifting the Corporate Veil – Company distinguished from Partnership, HUF and LLP.

Promoters-Memorandum of Association-Doctrine of Ultra vires-Articles of Association - Doctrine of Indoor Management - Prospectus - Civil and Criminal –Compounding of Offence under Sec. 441 – decriminalization –Liability for misstatement in prospectus - Statement in lieu of Prospectus - Pre- incorporation Contracts-Membership in a Company- Borrowing Powers–Debentures&Charges –insider trading of company shares.

Shares & Stock - Kinds of shares - Statutory restrictions on allotment of shares - Intermediaries–Call on shares – forfeiture of shares-Transfer of shares–Transmission of shares – Reduction of share Capital -Rectification of register on transfer - Certification and issue of certificate of transfer of shares - Limitation of time for issue of certificates –Object and effect of share certificate.

Directors – women director – Independent director – code for independent directors – Different kinds of Directors-Appointment,position,qualifications and disqualifications- powers of Directors-Rights and Duties of Directors-Meetings and proceedings - kinds of meetings - Annual General Meeting - Extraordinary meeting - Power of the Tribunal to order meeting -class meetings - Requisites for a valid meeting - Chairman for meetings - Duties of Chairman - Proxy - Resolutions – Minutes-Shareholders Activism - Corporate Social Responsibility.- ESG

Accounts and Audit - Inspection and Investigation - Compromises, Reconstruction and Amalgamation - Majority rule and Rights of minority shareholders – Prevention of oppression and mismanagement – class action - Revival and rehabilitation of sick industrial companies -Mergers, Amalgamation and Takeover -Dissolution ofacompany– Winding up of companies-Modes of winding up of companies–consequences of winding up - The insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 in relation to winding up of companies –Authorities under the Act- Department of Company Affairs-NCLAT NCLT, Company Law Board, Regional Directors, ROC, Public Trustee or Advisory Committee & SFIO-Their powers and functions—Jurisdiction of Courts –Corporate governance and certain relaxation in the light of pandemic.

Introduction to Industrial Relations - Historical and International Perspectives on Labour Laws - Industrial Revolution - Laissez-faire State - Evolution of Labour and Industrial Laws - Constitutional Framework of Labour Welfare - Directive Principles relating to Labour - Fundamental Rights of Workers - International Labour Organization (ILO) and its role in Labour Standards - Transition from 29 Labour Laws to the Four Labour Codes - Industrial Relations under the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 - Definition of Industry - Employer - Employee - Worker - Industrial Dispute - Individual Dispute - Arena of Interaction and Participants in Industrial Relations - Emerging Forms of Employment including Remote Work, Hybrid Work and Digital Workplace.

Settlement of Industrial Disputes - Works Committee - Grievance Redressal Committee - Conciliation Machinery - Court of Inquiry - Voluntary Arbitration - Adjudication by Industrial Tribunal and National Industrial Tribunal - Notice of Change - Strike and Lock-out - Lay-off - Retrenchment - Closure - Unfair Labour Practices - Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Labour Disputes - Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) - Digital Evidence in Industrial Disputes.

Trade Unions - History and Development of Trade Union Movement in India - Registration and Cancellation of Trade Unions - Rights and Liabilities of Registered Trade Unions - Immunity of Registered Trade Unions - Recognition of Trade Unions - Collective Bargaining - Amalgamation and Dissolution of Trade Unions - Penalties and Procedure under the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 - Trade Unions in the Gig Economy - Collective Bargaining for Platform Workers.

Standing Orders - Concept and Nature of Standing Orders - Certification Process - Conditions - Procedure - Appeals - Date of Operation of Standing Orders - Register of Standing Orders - Posting and Modification of Standing Orders - Temporary Application of Model Standing Orders - Interpretation of Standing Orders - Domestic Enquiry - Principles of Natural Justice - Subsistence Allowance - Time Limits for Departmental Proceedings - Suspension - Misconduct - Termination of Employment - Wrongful Dismissal and Remedies.

Code on Wages, 2019 - Meaning of Wage - Living Wage - Fair Wage - Minimum Wage - Floor Wage - Procedure for Fixation of Minimum Wage - Obligation of Employer to Pay Minimum Wage - Authorities and Remedies under the Code - Equal Remuneration and Prohibition of Gender Discrimination - Payment of Wages - Mode of Payment - Wage Period - Time Limit for Payment of Wages - Deductions from Wages - Fines and Deductions for Damage or Loss - Payment of Bonus - Allocable Surplus - Eligibility and Disqualification for Bonus - Minimum and Maximum Bonus - Offences and Penalties - Wage Digitization - Electronic Payment of Wages - Wage Protection for Gig and Platform Workers.

Labour Welfare - Social Welfare - Social Security - Constitutional Dimensions of Social Security - Impact of International Labour Organization (ILO) on National Labour Laws - Evolution of Labour Welfare Legislation - Employees' Compensation under the Code on Social Security, 2020 - Meaning and Scope of Compensation - Employer's Liability - Occupational Disease - Personal Injury - Partial and Total Disablement - Calculation of Compensation - Competent Authority - Notice and Claim - Wage Policy - Minimum, Fair and Living Wages - Whitley Commission Recommendations.

Employees' State Insurance under the Code on Social Security, 2020 - Evolution - Object and Scope - Principal Employer - Employee - Insured Person - Employment Injury - Sickness Benefit - Disablement Benefit - Dependant's Benefit - Maternity Benefit - Medical Benefit - Funeral Expenses - Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Dispute Resolution - Maternity Benefit under the Code on Social Security, 2020 - Nature and Scope - Restrictions on Employment of Women - Right to Maternity Benefit - Calculation of Maternity Benefit - Entitlement and Forfeiture - Employer's Duties - Powers and Functions of Inspector-cum- Facilitator.

Employees' Provident Fund under the Code on Social Security, 2020 - Provident Fund Schemes - Authorities - Pension Scheme - Employees' Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme - Payment of Gratuity - Continuous Service - Nomination - Determination of Gratuity - Compulsory Insurance - Social Security for Building and Construction Workers - Unorganised Workers - Gig Workers - Platform Workers - Social Security Fund - Digital Labour Platforms and Emerging Labour Welfare Measures.

Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 - Objectives - Scope and Applicability - Definitions - Duties of Employer and Employees - Occupational Safety and Health Standards - Welfare Provisions - Working Conditions - Hours of Work - Annual Leave with Wages - Employment of Women - Contract Labour - Inter-State Migrant Workers - Audio-Visual Workers - Factories - Mines - Plantations - Building and Other Construction Workers - Inspector-cum-Facilitator - Offences and Penalties - Occupational Health in the Digital Workplace - Artificial Intelligence and Workplace Monitoring - Workplace Data Privacy.

Child Labour and Adolescent Labour - Constitutional Protection under Articles 21, 23 and 24 - Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Framework - Bonded Labour - Forced Labour - Human Trafficking for Labour - Labour Rights under the Constitution of India - Labour Laws applicable to the Information Technology (IT) Industry - Labour Compliance in Start-ups - Corporate Labour Governance - Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Labour Compliance - Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work - Remote and Hybrid Employment - Comparative International Labour Standards.

Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance of International Law — Relation of International Law to Municipal Law—Sources of International Law—Codification.

State Recognition —State Succession – State Intervention —Responsibility of States for International delinquencies —State Territory—Modes of acquiring State Territory

Position of Individual in International Law — Nationality — Extradition —Asylum— Privileges and Immunities of Diplomatic Envoys—Treaties– Formation of Treaties - Modes of Consent, Reservation and termination.- Non State Actors

The Legal Regime of the Seas – Evolution of the Law of the Sea – Freedoms of the High Seas – Common Heritage of Mankind – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas – Legal Regime of Airspace –Important Conventions relating to Airspace–Paris, Havana, Warsaw and Chicago Conventions – Five Freedoms of Air – Legal Regime of Outer space – Important Conventions such as Outer space Treaty, Agreement on Rescue and Return of Astronauts, Liability Convention, and Agreement on Registration of Space objects, Moon Treaty -Unispace-Recent development in India’s space missions.- Space Debris – Nuclear Energy and Law.

International Organizations—League of Nations and United Nations—International Court of Justice—International Criminal Court-Specialized agencies of the UN —WHO, UNESCO, ILO, IMF and WTO-International Humanitarian Law – Impact of AI on PIL

Meaning and Definition of Statutes — Classification of Statutes — Meaning and Definition of Interpretation — General Principles of Interpretation — Rules of Construction under the General Clauses Act, 1897.

Grammatical Rule of Interpretation — Golden Rule of Interpretation – Rule of Interpretation to avoid mischief – 60th Report of Law Commission of India, 1974 and 183 rd Report of Law Commission of India, 2002 on General Clauses Act,1897.

Interpretation of Penal Statutes and Statutes of Taxation—Beneficial Construction— Construction to avoid conflict with other provisions—Doctrine of Harmonious Construction.

External Aids to Interpretation — Statement of objects of legislation, Legislative debates, identification of purpose sought to be achieved through legislation —Internal Aids to Interpretation — Preamble, title, interpretation clause, marginal notes, explanations etc. — Presumptions.

Effect of Repeal — Effect of amendments to statutes — Conflict between parent legislation and subordinate legislation—Methods of interpreting substantive and procedural laws.

Classification of lands – ownership of Land – absolute and Limited ownership (tenancy, Lease etc) – Doctrine of Eminent Domain - Doctrine of Escheat – Doctrine of Bona Vacantia _ Salient Features of the Telangana Escheats and Bona Vacantia – Salient features of the Telangana Escheats and Bona Vacantia Act, 1974 – Maintenance of land records and issue of Pattas and Title Deeds etc – Crucial Land Revenue Records such as Sethwar, Khasra, Classer, Register, field Measurement Book, etc. – The Telangana Rights in land and Pattadar Passbooks Act, 1971 – The Telangana Bhu Bharati (Record of Rights in Land) Act, 2025 and the recent changes – Land Titling (Torrens Systems): Title Guarantee, conclusive Title, and Title Insurance.

Law Tenure systems before Independence in British India – Permanent Settlement / Zamindari system –Ryotwari system –Mahalwari system – Intermediaries – Land Reforms after Independence – Abolition of Jagir Regulation 1358 Fasli (1949) and Inams with reference to the Telangana Abolition of Inams Act, 1955 –Agricultural Tenancy Laws – conferment of ownership on tenants/ryots with reference to the Telangana Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 – Enabling provisions under the Constitution of India.

Laws relating to acquisition of Property – The Right to Fair compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 – salient features procedure for Land Acquisition: Issue of notification, social Impact Assessment consent of landowners – Award enquiry, payment of compensation and reference to civil courts etc.

On laws relating to Ceiling on Land Holdings – The Telangana Land Reforms (Ceiling Agricultural Holdings ) Act, 1973 – Effect of inclusion in the IX Schedule of the constitution –Interpretation of Directive Principles of State policy in relation to Land (Article 38 and 39) – Law relating to and survey of land and subdivision with reference to The Telangana Survey and Boundaries Act, 1923 – Land Rights under the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.

Laws relating to alienation – Telangana Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 – Telangana Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 – The Telangana Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act 1977 – Resumption of Lands to the Transferor/ Government – Role of special Tribunals and Courts in Resolution of land disputes.

Intellectual Property-Meaning, Nature and Classification –Significance and need of protection of Intellectual Property —Main forms of Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, Industrial designs, Trade Secrets, Geographical Indications of Goods, Copyright and Neighbouring Rights- New forms of Intellectual Property: Plant Varieties Protection and Biotechnology, GRTK, Layout Designs, Computer Programmes, Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property.

Evolution of International Protection of IPRs- Introduction to the leading International instruments concerning Intellectual Property Rights–General Principles of Protection-The Paris Convention, 1883 – WCT 1996 –The Berne Convention,1886 –The Madrid Agreement, 1891 and Protocol 1989 –The Patent Co-operation Treaty,1970–The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Conventions-TRIPS Agreement, 1994 and its impact.

Copyright: Meaning, Nature, historical evolution and significance- The Copyright Act,1957– Salient Features- Idea- Expression Dichotomy-Subject matter of Copyright Protection- Neighboring rights - Ownership of Copyright –Rights of Authors and owners-Assignment of copyright–Collective management of copyright- infringement of copyright and Criteria – Exceptions to infringement- Doctrine of Fair Use Authorities under the Act — Remedies for infringement of copyright.- Digital Piracy – Copy Right Protection on AI

Intellectual Property in Trademarks and the rationale of their protection -TheTrade Marks Act, 1999 — Definition of Trademarks — and Trade description -Kinds of Trade Marks l conventional and non conventional – Trademarks and Internet Domain Names–Registration of trademarks–Rights of trademark owners-Passing off—Infringement of Trademark-Remedies- Concept of Industrial designs- The Designs Act, 2000 — Definition and characteristics of Design Registration of Design–rights of design holders—Copyright in design—Registration Remedies for infringement.

Patents — Concept of Patent — Historical overview of the Patent Law in India -The Patents Act, 1970 and its salient features — — Patentable Inventions —Kinds of Patents—Procedure for obtaining patent in India and in other countries- PCT procedure- Rights and obligations of a patentee —Limitations on patent rights: compulsory licensing, acquisition by government and secrecy directions-Infringement of patent rights and remedies available.-FRAND Licensing and SEP

Codification of Civil Procedure and Introduction to CPC — Principal features of the Civil Procedure Code — Suits — Parties to Suit — Framing of Suit — Institution of Suits — Bars of Suit -Doctrines of Sub Judice and Res Judicata —Place of Suing — Transfer of suits — Territorial Jurisdiction — ‘Cause of Action’ and Jurisdictional Bars—Summons—Service of Foreign summons.

Pleadings — Contents of pleadings— Forms of Pleading — Striking out/Amendment of Pleadings-Plaint—Essentials of Plaint-Return of Plaint-Rejection of Plaint—Production and marking of Documents-Written Statement —Counter claim—Set off–Application of Sec.89- Framing of issues.

Appearance and Examination of parties & Adjournments—Ex-parte Procedure — Summoning and Attendance of Witnesses — Examination — Admissions —Production, Impounding, Return of Documents—Hearing—Affidavit—Judgment and Decree — Concepts of Judgment, Decree, and Interim Orders and Stay — Injunctions — Appointment of Receivers and Commissions — Costs -Execution — Concept of Execution —General Principles of Execution — Power of Execution — Power of Executing Courts — Procedure for Execution —Modes of Execution—Arrest and detention—Attachment and Sale.

Suits in Particular Cases — Suits by or against Government — Suits relating to public matters— Suits by or against minors, persons with unsound mind,-Suits by indigent persons—Interpleaded suits—Incidental and supplementary proceedings - Appeals, Reference, Review and Revision — Appeals from Original Decrees — Appeals from Appellate Decrees — Appeals from Orders—General Provisions Relating to Appeals.- Special Forms under Civil Rules of Practice

Law of Limitation — Concept of Limitation — Object of limitation – General Principles of Limitation — Extension — Condonation of delay —Sufficient Cause — Computation of limitation -- Acknowledgment and Part -payment- Legal Disability—Provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 (Excluding Schedule)

BNSS- Object and Importance - Comparison with Cr.P.C, 1973 - Definitions, Difference between Cognizable and Non Cognizable Offences - Bailable and Non Bailable Offences- Investigation-Inquiry and Trial-Classification of Criminal Courts, Jurisdiction and Powers of the Criminal Courts, Directorate of Prosecution- role of Prosecutors under BNSS- Role of Defence Lawyer-Role of Public-Role of Prisons and Correctional Methods- Indian Constitution and BNSS.

Maintenance- Maintenance of Wife, Children and Parents (Sec. 144 To 147) - Security for Keeping Peace and Good Behaviour (Sec. 125 To 143) - Cognizance by police- Role of Police under BNSS- Investigation and - Preventive Action of Police- Maintenance of Public Order and Tranquillity-Unlawful Assembly- Public Nuisance – Urgent Cases of Nuisance- Preventive Action of the Police (Sec. 148 To 172) Information to Police-FIR (Section 173 To 196) -Arrest of Persons- (Sec. 35 To 62) - Arrest– With Warrant or Without Warrant- Rights of Arrested Person- Proclamation and Attachment of Property (Section 63 To 93) Process to Compel The Production of Things (Section 94 -110)

Trial, Charge, Inquiries and Bail – Complaints to Magistrates, Process to Compel Appearance – Cognizance of Offences by Magistrate- Irregular Proceedings- General Principles of Fair Trial, Jurisdiction of Criminal Courts in Inquiries & Trial (Section 197- 222) –Trial (Sec. 223-233)- Charge, Joinder of Charges (Sec. 234-247) –Trial Before Court of Session (Sec.248-260) – Trial of Warrant – Case by Magistrate (Sec.261-273) – Trial of Summons- Cases by Magistrates (Sec.274-282)- Summary Trials (Sect. 283-288) - Plea Bargaining (Sec. 289 To 300)- Provisions as to Bails And Bonds (Sec. 478 to 496)- General Provisions as Inquiries & Trial (Sec.337-378).

Administration of Criminal Justice: Provision as to Offences affecting the Administration of Justice (Sec. 379 -391)- The Judgement (Sec. 392- 406) –Submission of Death Sentence for Confirmation (Sec. 407 To 412)- Appeal, Revision, Reference (Section 413 To 435) – Execution, Suspension, Remission and Commutation of Sentence (Sec. 453 To 477)- Inherent Powers of the Court- Transfer of Criminal Cases.

The Juvenile Justice (Care And Protection Of Children) Act, 2015 And Probation of Offenders Act: -Preliminary and General Provisions of Care and Protection of Children – Salient Features of the Act – Procedure Under Juvenile Justice Act- Treatment and Rehabilitation of Juveniles – Protection of Juvenile offenders –Legislative and Judicial Role –Probation and Parole- Authority Granting Parole- Supervision-Conditional Release – Suspension of Sentence- Procedure Under Probation of Offenders Act –Salient Features of the Act.

History of the Banking Regulation Act — Salient features — Banking Business and its importance in modern times – Different kinds of Banking – impact of Information Technology on Banking – Digital and Fintech Banking – Banking Frauds.

Relationship between Banker and Customer—Debtor and Creditor Relationship - Fiduciary Relationship — Trustee and Beneficiary — Principal and Agent —Bail and Bailee — Guarantor.

Cheques — Crossed Cheques — Account Payee — Banker's Drafts — Dividend Warrants, etc. — Negotiable instruments and deemed negotiable instruments —Salient features of The Negotiable Instruments Act – The Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Act. 2018.

The Paying Banker — Statutory protection to Bankers — Collecting Banker – Statutory protection – Rights and obligations of paying and collecting bankers.

Banker's lien and set off -- Advances - Pledge - Land - Stocks - Shares -Life Policies - Document of title to Goods - Bank Guarantees - Letters of Credit –Recovery of Bank loans and position under the SARFAESI Act,2002– Jurisdiction and powers of Debt Recovery Tribunal.

Alternate Dispute Resolution—Characteristics—Advantages and Disadvantages -- Unilateral — Bilateral — Triadic (Third Party) Intervention —Techniques and processes--Negotiation— Conciliation -Mediation- Arbitration - Distinction between Arbitration, Conciliation and Negotiation – ADR under different laws in India

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — Historical Background and Objectives of the Act — Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Acts, 2015 – Arbitration and Conciliation Amendment Act, 2019 and 2019–Definitions of Arbitration, Arbitrator, Arbitration Agreement -- Appointment of Arbitrator — Termination of Arbitrator–Proceedings in Arbitral Tribunal—Termination of Proceedings—Arbitral Award -- Setting aside of Arbitral Award — Finality and Enforcement of Award — Appeals – Conciliation – Appointment of Conciliators – Powers and Functions of Conciliator--Procedure–Settlement of disputes through conciliation Arbitration Council of India (ACI)

International Commercial Arbitration UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1985 – Geneva Convention, 1927 – New York Convention, 1958 – Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Award – UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2018 – Singapore Convention on Mediation, 2019 – Online Dispute Resolution

Other Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems—Tribunals–Lokpal and Lokayukta— Lok Adalats—Family Courts–Commercial Courts-Section89 and Order X, Rules 1A, 1B and 1C of Civil Procedure Code – ADR and Mediation Rules – Pre-litigation Mediation in India- Overview of Mediation Act, 2023.

Development of Legal Profession in India — The Advocates Act, 1961 — Right to Practice — a right or privilege? - Constitutional guarantee under Article 19(1) (g)and its scope — Enrolment and Practice — Regulation governing enrolment and practice—Latest BCI Rules – Practice of Law– All India Bar Examination (AIBE)— Advocates and Solicitors’ firm —Elements of Advocacy.

Seven lamps of advocacy— Advocate’s duties towards public, clients, court, and other advocates and legal aid; Bar Council of India’s Code of Ethics- Social Media Ethics – Virtual Courts Etiquettes.

Disciplinary proceedings—Professional misconduct—Disqualifications—Functions of Bar Council of India/State Bar Councils in dealing with the disciplinary proceedings— Disciplinary Committees—Powers and functions-Disqualification and removal from rolls.

Professional Accounting- Accountancy for Lawyers — Nature and functions of accounting — Important branches of accounting —Accounting and Law –Bar-Bench Relations.

Constitutional basis of power of taxation of Income-Article 265 of Constitution of India- Comparative Analysis of New Income tax Act, 2025 and the Old Income tax Act 1961- Reasons for the repeal of old Act,1961 and replacement with New Act,2025-Outlines of Income Tax Act,2025-Single Tax Year-Digitalization and Automation-Faceless assessment- Anti avoidance Rules-GAAR-Speculative Trades-Scientific Research Incentives-New Appellate and Dispute Resolution Committees for Small Tax Payees- Agricultural income under New Tax Regime-Residential Status-Computation of Income-New Tax Regime FY 2026-27-Slabs,-Rebates-TCS rates and other new benefits

Heads of Income and Computation — Income from Salary, Income from House Property. Profits and Gains of Business or Profession, Capital Gains and Income from other sources – The Taxation Law (Amendment) Act. 2019.

Law and procedure – P.A.N.- Mandatory Provision-Filing of Returns under New Act,2025- Virtual digital Assets-Simplified TDS rules-Revising of tax returns and Extended windows Reorganising of Advance Tax- -Double tax Reliefs- DTAA (Double taxation Avoidance Agreements)-Credit Method-Exemption Method-Unilateral relief-Law and procedure of assessment of income tax-Penalties-Prosecution-Appeals- Grievances-Authorities-Joint Commissioner -Commissioner of Income Tax -Faceless Appeal Schemes-Electronic disposal of appeals.

GST ACT,2017–Goods and Services Tax Act,2017: Introduction–Background - Basic Concepts – salient features of the Act – Kinds of GST - CGST, SGST &IGST – Administration officers under this Act – Levy and collection of tax – scope of supply – Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies – Input tax credit –Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit.

GSTACT, 2017:-Registration–persons liable for registration–persons not liable for registration – procedure for registration – returns – furnishing details of outward and inward supplies – furnishing of returns – payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts – tax deducted at source – collection of tax at source –Demand and Recovery – Advance Ruling – Definitions for Advance Ruling –Appeals and revision – Appeals to Appellate Authority – Powers of revisional authority - Constitution of Appellate Tribunal and benches thereof – offences and penalties.

Concept of Information Technology and Cyber Space- Interface of Technology and Law- Jurisdiction in Cyber Space and Jurisdiction in traditional sense-Internet Jurisdiction-Indian Context of Jurisdiction-Enforcement agencies-International position of Internet Jurisdiction - Cases in Cyber Jurisdiction

Information Technology Act, 2000 - Aims and Objects — Overview of the Act – Jurisdiction –Electronic Governance –Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Electronic Evidence-Digital Signature Certificates-Securing Electronic records and secure digital signatures - Duties of Subscribers - Role of Certifying Authorities-Regulators under the Act-The Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal - Internet Service Providers and their Liability– Powers of Police under the Act –Impact of the Act on other Laws.

E-Commerce –UNCITRAL Model Law - Legal aspects of E-Commerce – Digital Signatures - Technical and Legal issues - E-Commerce, Trends and Prospects - E-taxation, E-banking, online publishing and online credit card payment-Employment Contracts - Contractor Agreements, Sales, Re-Seller and Distributor Agreements, Non- Disclosure Agreements- Shrink Wrap Contract, Source Code, Escrow Agreements etc.- Crypto – Blockchain Technology

Cyber Law and IPRs-Understanding Copyright in Information Technology -Software – Copyrights vs Patents debate - Authorship and Assignment Issues -Copyright in Internet- Multimedia and Copyright issues-Software Piracy–Patents –Understanding Patents –European Position on Computer related Patents- Legal position of U.S.on Computer related Patents- Indian Position on Computer related Patents–Trademarks -Trademarks in Internet -Domain name registration –Domain Name Disputes & WIPO-Databases in Information Technology- Protection of databases - Position in USA,EU and India

Cyber Crimes -Meaning of Cyber Crimes –Different Kinds of Cybercrimes –Cyber crimes under BNS, BNSS and BSA 2023- Cybercrimes under the Information Technology Act, 2000 - Cybercrimes under International Law –Hacking, Child Pornography, Cyber Stalking, Denial of service Attack, Virus Dissemination, Software Piracy, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Crime, Credit Card Fraud, Net Extortion, Phishing etc - Cyber Terrorism - Violation of Privacy on Internet-Data Protection and Privacy.- AI Enabled and assisted Crimes- social media regulations.

Historical background and status of women in ancient India —Constitutional Provisions and gender justice — Provisions relating to women in fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties etc under the Indian Constitution. Equal right of women to worship.

Laws relating to marriage, divorce, succession and maintenance under the relevant personal laws with special emphasis on women—Special Marriage Act—Maintenance of women under BNSS 2023 and other laws – NRI Marriages –Live- in- relationships – Uniform Civil Code and gender justice – The Personal Laws (Amendment) Act. 2019.

Special provisions relating to women under the BSA 2023—Offences against women under BNS 2023-outraging the modesty of women – Acid Attacks, sexual harassment – rape – bigamy - mock and fraudulent marriages – adultery and its decriminalization - causing miscarriage – insulting women –Impact of the New Criminal Laws 2023.

Socio-Legal position of women and the law — Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961,Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act — Law relating to misuse of Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques and Sex selection — Law relating to Immoral Trafficking -Law relating to Domestic Violence– Law relating to Sexual Harassment at workplace –Honour Killings. – POCSO – Surrogacy

Position of women under the Maternity Benefit Act, and other Labour & Industrial Laws, and Codes— Position of Women under International instruments - Salient features of Convention for Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - International Covenant onSocial, Cultural and Economic Rights.

Meaning and definition of Human Rights - Evolution of Human Rights – Human Rights and Domestic Jurisdiction – classification of Human Rights – Third World Perspectives of Human Rights.

Adoption of Human Rights by the UN Charter - U.N. Commission on Human Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights - International Covenants on Human Rights (Civil and Political; Economic, Social and Cultural).

Regional Conventions on Human Rights-European Convention on Human Rights –American Convention on Human Rights-African Charter on Human Rights (Banjul).

International Conventions on Human Rights - Genocide Convention, Convention against Torture, CEDAW, Child Rights Convention, Convention on Statelessness, Convention against Slavery, Convention on Refugees-International Conference on Human Rights (1968) -World Conference on Human Rights (1993).- UNCRPD

Human Rights Protection in India - Human Rights Commissions - Protection of Human Rights Act - National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) - State Human Rights Commissions -Human Right Courts in Districts.

Administration of Company Law in relation to issue of prospectus and shares --membership and share capital -- Kinds of shares -- public issue of shares --procedure for issue of shares -- allotment of shares – transfer and transmission ofshares.

Debentures-Kinds of Debentures and Charges–Dividend--Inter-Corporate Loans and Investments.

Basic features of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 — Recognition of Stock Exchanges – Regulation of Contracts and option in securities — Listing of securities— Guidelines for listing of shares/debentures-AI and Securities Market

Basic features of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992—Basic features of the Act—Establishment of SEBI—Functions and Powers of SEBI—Powers of the Central Government under the Act—Guidelines for disclosure—Investors Protection-SEBI Appellate Tribunal--Appeals.

Non-Banking Financial Institutions-Classification and Law Relating to NBFCs-Protection of Depositors Act–Foreign Exchange Management Act- FCRA.

Drafting: Drafting and documentation in civil, criminal and constitutional cases - General Principles of Drafting and relevant Substantive Rules–Distinction between pleadings and conveyancing

Pleadings: Essentials and drafting of pleadings: (i) Civil Plaint, Written Statement, Memo-Interlocutory Application, Original Petition, Counter Affidavit, Rejoinder, Execution Petition, Memorandum of Appeal and Revision. (ii)Petition under Article 226 and 32 of the Constitution of India - Drafting of Writ Petition and PIL Petition. (iii)Criminal—Complaint, Criminal Miscellaneous Petition, Bail Application, Memorandum of Appeal and Revision. Legislative Drafting

Conveyancing: Essentials and drafting of Sale Deed, Mortgage Deed, Lease Deed, Gift Deed, Promissory Note, Power of Attorney, Will and Trust Deed.

The Basics of Legislative Drafting: Meaning of legislative drafting: Legislative expression - What is legislation? Types of legislation and Preparation of legislative scheme- Basic Techniques of Legislative Drafting like Style, Simplicity of Language, Over Drafting and Vagueness-Structure and style Topic Grammar and punctuation marks-Common phrases and their significance: Non obstante clause, Provisos and illustrations