Important Questions — Constitutional Law-I, Unit IV

Sourced from actual OU question papers (September/October 2017, March/April 2018, February 2026), cross-checked against the official Unit syllabus — every question here is answerable entirely from what's already published on this site.

Part A — Short Answer

1. Doctrine of Eclipse. (governs pre-Constitution laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights, tested under limitations on Fundamental Rights)
   Limitations on Fundamental Rights

Part B — Long Answer

1. Discuss about the constitutional safeguards provided to minorities under the Indian Constitution. (See D.A.V. College, Jalandhar v. State of Punjab (1971), In Re: The Kerala Education Bill, 1957, and T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002))
   Protection of Interests of Minorities — Article 29Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions — Article 30
2. Discuss the need to strike a balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy with the help of cases. (See I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007))
   Saving of Certain Laws — Articles 31A, 31B and 31C

Part C — Problem / Case-Study Questions

1. 'A', a student in a public school, was removed from school as he refused to attend prayer. What remedy is available to 'A'? (See Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986))
   Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion — Article 25Freedom from Attendance at Religious Instruction — Article 28
2. A child of 15 years was found working as a domestic servant in a house. What are the grounds on which the employer could be proceeded against? Discuss. (See M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu (1996))
   Prohibition of Employment of Children in Hazardous Employment — Article 24